Numerous growth promoters that are alternatives to antibiotics are currently under study for their efficacy to promote animal growth and gastrointestinal health. Still, little is known about the impact of carbadox or especially alternative feed additives on the abundance of ARGs in pig feces. Carbadox can cause short-term but also long-lasting alterations in the microbiome 9 and can promote the mobility of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) through transduction 10. Carbadox belongs to group of chemicals known as quinoxaline 1,4-di-N-oxides, which have antibacterial effects against bacteria commonly causing diarrhea, such as Salmonella, Escherichia coli and many members of Firmicutes 8. Because of these reasons, the markets are now favorable to so-called alternatives to antibiotics as growth promoters and the interest towards them is increasing rapidly 6, 7.Īmong the antibiotics that are still allowed for growth promotion in the U.S., carbadox is used in pigs mainly to control dysentery and bacterial enteritis 8. as well as in many other countries are looking for alternative feed additives to replace antibiotics as growth promoters due to increasing restrictions and consumer concerns towards antibiotic use in animal agriculture. Currently, the livestock industries in the U.S. was the third largest producer of pork worldwide after China and the EU, and the second largest exporter of pork meat after the EU.
Despite the increasing regulation, most of the world’s pork is produced in countries that still allow growth promotion with antibiotics. Additionally, a report to the Secretary General of the United Nations suggested that antibiotic growth promoters should be completely phased out from livestock production 5. Due to the established connection of antibiotic use in animals and the emergence of antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacteria 2, the regulation and prohibition of antibiotic growth promoters is increasing (prohibition in the EU in 2006 1, restrictions in 2017 in the U.S. Since increased ARG mobility potential was the primary response to the dietary additives used in this study, we suggest that ARG mobility should be considered when designing antimicrobial use policies and antimicrobial resistance surveillances.Īntibiotics have been used in pork production to prevent diseases and to increase productivity since the 1940’s 1. Additionally, machine-learning methods aided in defining the community and resistome differences in response to treatments. Community composition could not be linked to resistome in the growth promoter group samples, indicating a potential decoupling of ARGs and phylogeny. More ARGs co-occurred with MGEs in the growth promoter group samples than in the control group samples. Bacterial community composition was determined by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Antibiotic resistance gene (ARG) and mobile genetic element (MGE) abundances were measured using a high-throughput qPCR array with 382 primer pairs. We investigated the impacts of carbadox (antibiotic), copper sulfate and zinc oxide (metals) and mushroom powder (natural product) on the pig fecal resistome and microbiome. Due to consumer and regulatory pressures, the use of alternatives to antibiotics as growth promoters is increasing, thus more information is needed on their capability to disseminate antimicrobial resistance compared to antibiotics. It does not store any personal data.Even though the use of antibiotics for food-producing animals may contribute to the emergence of antimicrobial resistance, antibiotics are still used as growth promoters. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Other. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary".
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